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Definition

Carotid stenosis is the medical description of the narrowing or constriction of the carotid artery. The artery is located in the neck, and the narrowing of the artery is caused by the buildup of plaque (fatty deposits). The process of atherosclerosis causes a hardening of the walls of the arteries and, in the case of atherosclerosis in the carotid artery, results in a carotid stenosis that reduces the flow of blood and nutrients to the brain.

Symptoms

The cause of carotid stenosis is the buildup of plaque on the inner wall of the carotid artery. The reduced blood flow to the brain and the blockage of other arteries following the release of emboli can cause a stroke. Increased risk of carotid stenosis is associated with smoking, hypertension, elevated levels of cholesterol, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle. Some of these factors such as hypertension and cholesterol level may also be related to a person's physiology. Another risk factor is diabetes. Older, less active people are more prone to carotid stenosis. Additionally, the older a person is, the greater the risk posed by carotid stenosis.

Sometimes, prior to a major stroke, a person can be temporarily affected by the arterial blockage or release of a small embolus. The interrupted flow of blood to the brain, which can be very brief or last a few hours, does not persist longer than 24 hours. Symptoms of this transient event, called a transient ischemic attack (TIA), include weakness, as well as visual and speech difficulties. The exact symptoms of carotid stenosis depend on the area of the brain that is affected. Symptoms can also be absent, with the stenosis discovered only incidentally during a clinical examination.

In the event of a stroke, if the blocked blood flow is not restored, brain cells can die, causing permanent brain damage.